The PPE Obligation
OSHA's PPE standards are clear: employers must:
1. Assess the workplace for hazards (29 CFR 1910.132(d))
2. Select appropriate PPE that properly fits each worker
3. Provide PPE at no cost to employees
4. Train workers on when, what, how to use, and limitations of PPE
5. Maintain equipment in serviceable condition
PPE is the last line of defense in the Hierarchy of Controls — but on construction sites, it's often the primary control for many hazards. Getting it right prevents injuries and citations.
Head Protection
Standard: 29 CFR 1926.100
| Type | Protection | Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| Type I | Top-of-head impact | General construction, falling objects |
| Type II | Top and lateral impact | Confined spaces, low-clearance areas |
| Class E | Electrical (20,000V) | Electrical work near energized parts |
| Class G | General (2,200V) | Standard construction |
| Class C | Comfort (no electrical) | Non-electrical environments |
Key rule: Hard hats must meet ANSI Z89.1. Replace after any impact, visible damage, or per manufacturer's shelf life (typically 5 years for shell, 12 months for suspension).
Eye and Face Protection
Standard: 29 CFR 1926.102
Match protection to the hazard:
| Hazard | Minimum Protection |
|---|---|
| Flying particles (grinding, chipping) | Safety glasses with side shields (Z87.1) |
| Chemical splash | Chemical splash goggles |
| Welding arc | Welding helmet with proper shade lens |
| Dust/fine particles | Dust goggles (sealed) |
| Molten metal | Face shield + safety glasses underneath |
| Laser exposure | Laser-specific eyewear rated for wavelength |
Common citation: Workers wearing regular prescription glasses instead of ANSI Z87.1-rated safety glasses. Prescription safety glasses are available and solve this problem.
Hand Protection
Standard: 29 CFR 1926.95
No single glove protects against all hazards. Select by task:
| Hazard | Glove T